A2AD

Submarines and the End of Naval Impunity: Why ASW is a Failing Strategy

Modern submarines are overpowered. They cannot be reliably detected — sonar physics prevents it. ASW has failed. Surface fleets no longer operate with impunity. Submarines now rule the ocean.

Why Attacking a Modern A2AD Network is Suicidal: The Trap of Attrition

A2AD networks make attack suicidal. Finding them requires entering their kill zone. Standoff suppression fails. Breaches are traps. The cost is attrition no rational actor accepts.